The following list defines various abbreviations and acronyms used throughout our SEC filings, annual reports, press releases, website, and marketing materials.
Artificial Intelligence (“AI”): The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach approximate or definite conclusions), and self-correction. AI applications include expert systems, natural language processing, speech recognition, and machine vision.
Bitcoin (“BTC”): A decentralized digital currency created in 2009 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto. It operates on a peer-to-peer network, allowing direct transactions without intermediaries. Transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded on a publicly distributed ledger called a blockchain.
Bitcoin Halving: An event occurring approximately every four years where the reward for mining new Bitcoin blocks is halved. This reduces the number of new Bitcoins generated by miners, impacting their profitability and potentially affecting Bitcoin’s value. It is part of Bitcoin’s deflationary monetary policy, designed to control supply.
Bitcoin Mining: The process of adding new transactions to the Bitcoin blockchain. It involves solving complex cryptographic puzzles to discover a new block, rewarding miners with transaction fees and newly created Bitcoins. This process secures and verifies transactions on the network.
Curtailment (“Curtailed” or “Curtailments”): In energy management, the reduction in electrical power supply by power plants to balance the grid or avoid excess generation. In Bitcoin mining or other computing activities, curtailment—pausing computing activities and related energy usage—can occur during peak demand periods or insufficient energy supply.
Curtailment Assessment: An analysis where Soluna helps an IPP understand the degree of curtailment reduction that would be achieved with the addition of a data center load at their renewable energy source. The analysis shows the economic uplift that would come from such a project.
Data Center Colocation: A service where businesses can be provided with services and infrastructure such as electrical power and network connectivity for servers and other computing hardware at a third-party provider’s data center. This arrangement allows for cost savings, better infrastructure, and enhanced security compared to private data centers.
Demand Response Services: Demand response services are programs that encourage customers to reduce or shift their electricity usage during peak demand periods. The goal is to balance supply and demand on the electric grid.
Electric Reliability Council of Texas (“ERCOT”): An independent system operator that manages the flow of electric power to more than 26 million Texas customers, representing about 90 percent of the state’s electric load. ERCOT schedules power on an electric grid that connects more than 46,500 miles of transmission lines and over 680 generation units.
Exahash (“EH/s”): A unit of computational power equal to one quintillion (10^18) hashes per second. It is used to measure the hashrate of the most powerful cryptocurrency mining equipment and the overall computational power of the Bitcoin network.
Generative AI: Artificial intelligence that can generate new content, such as text, images, or music, based on its training data. It learns from vast amounts of data to create outputs that mimic original human-generated content, often used in creative and analytical applications.
Gigawatt (“GW”): A unit of power equal to one billion watts. Often used to measure the capacity of large power plants or the power usage of large operations like data centers and industrial complexes.
Graphics Processing Unit (“GPU”)– as-a service: The sale of GPU clusters, ranging from bare metal to turnkey solutions, which may be either owned by the Company, or leased from another company and that are housed within data centers which may be owned by the Company or leased from another company, typically on a “per GPU-hour” basis, either on a reserved or on demand basis.
Grid Demand Response Services: Services provided to support the basic services of generating and delivering electricity to the grid. Such services help maintain power quality, reliability, and efficiency. In the context of Bitcoin mining, the use of mining facilities to provide grid stabilization services is an emerging concept.
Hashprice: The revenue a miner earns for each unit of computational power (hash) over a specific period. It is influenced by factors such as the price of Bitcoin, network difficulty, and transaction fees. A higher hashprice means more profitability for miners.
Hashrate: The measure of computational power per second used in cryptocurrency mining. It indicates the number of hash function computations per second by a miner’s hardware, with higher hashrates implying greater efficiency and network security.
High Performance Computing (“HPC”): The use of supercomputers and parallel processing techniques for solving complex computational problems. HPC is used in fields such as scientific research, simulation, and large-scale data analysis.
Independent Power Producer (“IPP”): A corporation, or other legal entity or instrumentality that owns or operates facilities for the generation of electricity for use primarily by the public, and that is not an electric utility.
Joules: A unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI). One joule is the energy transferred when one watt of power is exerted for one second. In Bitcoin mining, energy efficiency is often measured in joules per hash.
Large Language Models (“LLMs”): Advanced AI models designed to understand, generate, and respond to human language in a way that mimics human-like understanding. They are trained on vast datasets and can perform a variety of language-based tasks, such as translation, summarization, and question-answering.
Machine Learning: A subset of artificial intelligence involving the creation of algorithms that can learn and make decisions or predictions based on data. It enables computers to improve their performance on a specific task with experience and data, without being explicitly programmed.
Megawatts (“MW”): A unit of power measurement equivalent to one million watts. Used to measure the electrical power consumption of large operations like data centers and Bitcoin mining rigs.
Mining Pool: A group of cryptocurrency miners that combine their computational resources over a network to increase their chances of finding a block and receiving rewards. The rewards are then divided among the pool participants, proportional to the amount of hashing power each contributed.
NeoCloud: A cloud computing platform focused on providing IT services to businesses and individuals focused on AI computing applications.
Petahash (“PH/s”): A unit of computational power equal to one quadrillion (10^15) hashes per second. It is used to measure the hashrate of extremely powerful cryptocurrency mining equipment.
Power Partner: An Independent Power Producer which Soluna completed a Curtailment Assessment, signed a term sheet for a PPA, or signed a definitive power purchase agreement.
Power Purchase Agreement (“PPA”): A contract between a buyer and a seller for the purchase of electricity over a set period of time. PPAs are often used for renewable energy.
Power Usage Effectiveness (“PUE”): A ratio that describes how efficiently a computer data center uses energy; specifically, how much energy is used by the computing equipment (in contrast to cooling and other overhead that supports the equipment).
Terahash (“TH/s”): A unit of computational power equal to one trillion (10^12) hashes per second. It is a common measure of the performance of cryptocurrency mining hardware, with higher terahash rates indicating more powerful equipment
